Building envelope expert9/20/2023 ![]() ![]() Specifications called for new construction windows to replace original and failed replacement windows. The new roofs featured architectural shingles, new skylights, and additional waterproof membrane to prevent leaking from ice dams. Hager Meadows trustees and Dartmouth Group property manager Gina DeFrancesco worked closely with SPS to customize their new SPS30 building envelope with long-life, low-maintenance materials. “If your Savings BluePrint includes a building envelope project, we also help you develop a complete set of project specifications.” “The end result is an actionable plan,” says Daniel. The SPS Savings BluePrint is a collaborative, step-by-step planning process that makes it easy for clients to compare their options and choose the highest-value building envelope solution. That’s why we created the SPS Savings BluePrint.” Careful planning is essential for success. “These are large scale projects with big budgets. That’s when I called Thomas Daniel at Schernecker Property Services.”Ī building envelope replacement project can feel overwhelming, says SPS’s Daniel. “We agreed that it didn’t make sense to replace the roofs until we knew what was going on with the siding. Hager Meadows needed a new approach, says Lambert. At the end of that 20-year journey all we really had was a lot of paid invoices.” “It turns out that we had spent about $2.25 million on painting and spot repairs. “We added up the total cost of our painting cycles for the last 20 years,” he says. The stalemate was broken when Lambert opened the association’s books. But I kept saying we had to look at the siding, and we struggled over this point for several meetings.” “Money matters, and no board of trustees wants to spend more than necessary. “Completely understandable,” says Lambert. Lambert’s suggestion was met with concerns about cost. One thing I’ve learned about building envelopes over the years is that a piecemeal approach to maintenance doesn’t work. “But I was concerned we were making a mistake by focusing only on our roofs without looking at the siding. There was no question they needed to be replaced,” he says. “We had been dealing with leaks from ice dams for years. The turning point, says Lambert, was when trustees began talking about replacing the roofs on the association’s ten buildings. “The scope of spot repairs kept growing, the cost to maintain the siding kept growing, and so did the number of people complaining about window leaks.” We replaced any rotted wooden clapboards and trim before we painted, and every painting cycle the siding got worse,” he says. “We followed the standard playbook,” says Lambert. ![]() Still, the association was diligent about exterior maintenance. And building materials were not as advanced as they are today.” “Our property was typical of the condominiums built at that time,” says Lambert. Lambert, an original owner, says leaks were a problem from the start. Last year, in his capacity as president, Lambert helped guide his own association, The Village at Hager Meadows in Marlborough, Mass., through a multi-million dollar building envelope replacement project. He recently retired from a long career in property management helping condominium associations manage building envelope problems and projects. ![]() “You won’t,” says Phil Lambert, “unless you’re working with the right partners and following the right process.” How do you know if you’re making correct decisions about your property’s aging building envelope? ![]()
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Bitcoin live coin watch9/20/2023 ![]() ![]() In the case of Bitcoin, as long as you control the private key necessary to transact with your BTC, you can send your BTC to anyone in the world for any reason.Ĭrypto prices are calculated by averaging cryptocurrency exchange rates on different cryptocurrency trading platforms. ![]() A cryptocurrency wallet is software that manages private and public keys. In order to send and receive a cryptocurrency, you need a cryptocurrency wallet. Proof-of-Work coins use mining, while Proof-of-Stake coins use staking to achieve consensus about the state of the ledger. The two major categories of cryptocurrencies are Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake. While all cryptocurrencies leverage cryptographic methods to some extent (hence the name), we can now find a number of different cryptocurrency designs that all have their own strengths and weaknesses. However, not all cryptocurrencies work in the same way. With permissionless cryptocurrencies, a node can be operated by anyone, provided they have the necessary technical knowledge, computer hardware and bandwidth. Given that Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to surface in the market, the other digital currencies that emerged are referred to as altcoins.Cryptocurrency works through networks of nodes that are constantly communicating with each other to stay updated about the current state of the ledger. The term ‘altcoins’ is short for alternative coins. Performance also differs, as a centralized database is able to compute information faster than blockchains. Users tend to prefer confidentiality, which is better achieved through a centralized database. Blockchains are under a decentralized control, whereas a centralized database creates a dependent relationship between users and administrators. There are several differences between a blockchain and a database, including the level of control. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BLOCKCHAIN AND A DATABASE? Using a blockchain ensures security and manages digital relationships as part of a system of record.Ī distributed ledger is a database, digitally recording transaction information using cryptography, making it secure and unforgeable. Although mining and exchanging are questionable in terms of legality, it is known to be legal for users who exchanges bitcoins for goods and services.Ī blockchain is a digital ledger recording cryptocurrency transactions, maintaining records referred to as ‘blocks’ in a linear, chronological order. The use and trade of Bitcoin is legal in the majority of countries in the world, however, because it is a deregulated marketplace, governments are concerned about its potential threat as a tool for money laundering. ![]() Bank transfers are the most popular mode of payment. Popular international Bitcoin exchangess include:īitcoins can be transferred from a bitcoin exchanges to one of many bitcoin wallets, ranging from online options to ‘cold storage’.īitcoin can be purchased through a digital marketplace, through which you can fund your account with your currency of choice, and place an order on the open market. There are various places to buy bitcoin in exchanges for another currency, with international exchangess available as well as local. The cryptocurrency system is a peer-to-peer open-source software, meaning computers are part of a mining process for coins.īitcoin was designed and created by an anonymous programmer, or possibly group of programmers, by the name of Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin is a digital currency, which allows transactions to be made without the interference of a central authority. ![]() Pfister comet sr9/20/2023 ![]() ![]() Rockstar-Created Transform Races – Compete across air, land, sea or foam in all 32 Rockstar-Created Transform Races – where a Checkpoint can instantly find you at the controls of a different vehicle. The Pfister Comet S2 is a sports car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the continuation of the Los Santos Tuners update.Air Quota – Work your way through every flavor of airborne combat the Los Santos skies have to offer the only way you know how – by blowing your opponents to bits with Missiles and Cannons. ![]() The design of the Comet S2 seems to be based on the Porsche 911 (992) with the middle of the front bumper inspired by the Porsche 911 (991.1) with the two. Comet SR is unreleased vehicle and part of Doomsday Heist DLC.
Snap fitness9/20/2023 ![]() There’s a clear desire to get back to fitness, the gym, and the fitness community. But the industry is set for a strong comeback as more people prioritize health and fitness in the wake of the pandemic. Like many industries, the fitness sector lost billions in revenue in 2019 with temporary closures and restricted capacity. Anytime Fitness acquired PumpOne, a virtual coaching personal mobile training service, that allowed the company to boost profits by cutting back on staff.ĭespite the effects of the COVID-19 crisis, the fitness industry remains rife with opportunities. In the years before 2019, large gym franchise businesses have looked to make a bigger splash in the market by acquiring smaller businesses. The four biggest players in the gym and franchise industry are Orangetheory Fitness, Anytime Fitness, Planet Fitness, and Snap Fitness. The US gym and fitness franchise industry contributes $3 billion to the greater gym, health, and fitness club sector. The state of the gym franchise industry in 2022 They are ready to start their own business but want to avoid the trial and error of creating fitness brands from the bottom up. From boutique fitness and kickboxing gyms to big-box 24-hour fitness studios and Pilates, there’s a ton of variety in gym franchising.īecoming a gym franchisee is well suited to an individual with entrepreneurial spirit, but perhaps doesn’t have the time or finances for a start-up. You can find a franchise in most fitness niches such as personal trainer services or group training, so you can align your interests to your business. Typically, investing in a gym franchise would give you access to:įitness franchises range massively in size, prize, and type. Generally, you will pay a one-off fee to invest into a franchise and then pay ongoing fees from a percentage of the revenue. The franchisor sells the rights for you to use their business model, company name, and trademarks to operators known as franchisees. The 9 best gym franchise opportunities in 2022Ī gym franchise is a business that has an established owner called the franchisor.Investing in a fitness franchise vs owning.The state of the gym franchise industry in 2022.In this article, we look at what exactly a gym franchise is, the current state of the fitness industry and list 9 of the best gym franchise opportunities this year. Investing in a fitness franchise has the potential to be a lucrative venture. Fitness is a lifestyle for many and you can see that in the way the industry has remained resilient throughout the pandemic. ![]() It takes a ton of work and effort to create a successful gym business, whether it’s a franchise or not.Ī gym franchise isn’t a sure thing to success, but you are accessing an established business model and blueprint with an existing customer base. While starting a brand new gym can be incredible and rewarding, investing in a gym franchise can be a less risky way to jump into the fitness industry. Whether you’re a fitness fanatic or always dreamed of opening your own fitness studio, investing in a gym franchise is a natural route for some. ![]() Textsniper download9/20/2023 ![]() ![]() You can now perform annotating, editing, and rotating tasks before saving on the desktop with the entire screen. If you want to view the whole Mac snipping tool, click the thumbnail. After the screenshot is captured, a thumbnail preview appears on the lower right side of your screen. The keys function similarly to the ones on Windows. It involves holding the COMMAND + SHIFT + "3" simultaneously, and as a result, the captured part is pasted directly to your desktop. The technique comes in handy when you need to capture something temporarily. This method is one of the fastest ways to screenshot on your Mac. Read on to know the ropes of snipping on Mac. Mac offers you various options, such as using a screen shortcut for different types of screen capturing (area, window, and the entire screen). How to Snip on Macįor you to snip on Mac, all you need is basic screenshot skills. They include capturing your screen, adding additional context, and sharing the end product. The software is also simple to use as it requires three steps. Snagit is excellent at recording audios, making animated gifs, trimming video clips, screen recording, panoramic scrolling capture, and many more features. Further, you only purchase this software once at $49.99. Snagit is one of the most popular mac snipping tools in 2022. On the other hand, the paid pro version goes for $10 and has features like resizing images, turning off adverts, assigning global hotkeys and all other free version features.Īdditionally, the tool works well with Facebook, Twitter, email, and others. The free version offers features such as deleting, renaming and searching. SnapNDrag is ridiculously easy to use snipping tool which comes in both free and paid versions. Additionally, the app helps you add shapes, texts, and color to your images. Its features include a fast screenshot of any selected area on your screen and allowing you to find similar images when you search. The good news is that Lightshot is the best free snipping tool for Mac in terms of services. If you are looking for the fastest way to take a screenshot in 2022, Lightshot is your ideal snipping tool. Its features include excellent video editing tools, a free cloud storage platform, customizable hotkeys, personal information hiding tool, and more. Monosnap can function both as cloud storage and a secure content management software. ![]() ![]() The app is free of charge for single users while non-commercial ones pay $2.50 and commercial - $5. Monosnap works well with Macintosh OS, Chrome, and Windows software. Preferably, you can be charged $9.99 for three Mac operating systems. The software charges $6.99 to license one macintosh operating system. When it comes to pricing, the tool is relatively cheap. The app is quite easy to use even for beginners as it offers tutorials on its main website. Textsniper app is a Mac snipping tool that helps extract text from pdf files, images, or even videos. Read on to discover what is the best snipping tool for mac to use in 2022. However, there is good news because developers have come up with snipping tools to help you screen capture mac images. Although it’s possible to use the screenshot features on your computer, the problem is most of them have their limits. Over the years, people have been looking to capture a small portion of their screens to save text, images, videos, and save files that are impossible to copy-paste. ![]() Pixatool cracked9/20/2023 ![]() ![]() While it is true that you can move the picture around, it can interrupt the workflow. In case you want to preview the image as you make modifications in a clean workspace, then you can press the H key. 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Pixa Tool will help you make a pixel art sprite from any picture that you have. ![]() The final sprite will appear as a pixel art sprite ready to be used in any game Pixel Art allows you to use the tool with any image editing program. The application is very easy to use, as it does not require an introduction or even a configuration.Īllows you to create pixel art from any image-editing software The tool can be used with any image editing software and is compatible with any image format. The process is straightforward, but in order to save the final outcome, you must save the current project.īest of all, you can even use the tool with your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. You can now choose the desired pixel art style and layout.Īfter that, you can choose the desired settings and make adjustments as needed. Then the software shows you the open screen, which is divided into three areas: preset, image and advanced. You need to first load the image or video you want to use. What’s more, you can load and apply presets from the photos you have already prepared with any photo editor.Ĭreating pixel art is as simple as a few clicks. The program also allows you to save and apply your own custom presets. You can choose from an unlimited number of different pixel art backgrounds, including ones that are created with the most popular pixel art tools. This tool is very useful in a scenario where you want to create fast and original sprites that you can use in your game or graphic design projects. Pixel Art provides you with a number of built-in pixel art presets. To achieve the desired effects, you can choose from dozens of pixel art presets, so that you will not need to spend too much time getting your artwork to the desired appearance. The final result will appear as a sprite ready to be used in any game. Just load the original picture or video and then start the pixel art creation process. With Pixa you can easily create pixel art from any image-editing program. With Pixa you can create pixel art sprites in no time. Pixel Art has been created specifically for the iPhone, iPad, iPod touch and Android platforms. It’s the most efficient tool for creating instant original pixel art in the shortest time possible. If you want to create original images from any image-editing program, then Pixel Art is your best choice. ![]() Photobee photo printer9/20/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() The HP Sprocket is easy to use and set up, plus it’s an attractive, portable device that you can take anywhere-as long as the battery is fully charged. ![]() It’s fantastic at parties everyone can connect and print straight from their phones. You can then instantly print it out via Bluetooth. Users can access the free HP Sprocket app, which lets you add text, stickers, emojis, and borders to your photos. This fun, stylish printer is perfect for customizing your favorite social media snaps-check out the HP Sprocket Portable Photo Printer if you’re looking for a creative way to showcase your photos. HP Sprocket 2nd Edition Photo Printer Review Type: ZINK (The ink is in the photo paper and brought out by heat) | Color/Monochrome: Color | Connection Type: Wi-Fi | LCD Screen: Yes, but not a touchscreen | Scanner/Copier/Fax: No The C1300 is the perfect printer if you’re looking for a fun, easy way to print out your favorite photos at home or with friends. The finished images are water-resistant, high-quality, and can last up to 100 years. The resulting photos are impressive, made from thermal dye-sublimation-this uses heat to bring out ink already within the photo paper. Control your prints via the LCD screen, which is easy to use, but isn’t a touchscreen. The C1300 measures just 7.1 x 5.4 x 2.5 inches and weighs under 2 pounds-while not the tiniest of printers, it’s still compact enough to fit in a backpack or accompany you to an event. Users have many fun ways to customize each print, including photo booth mode, printing directly onto sticker paper, or Party Shuffle, which lets multiple people send photos that are automatically turned into a collage. Print photos by connecting your smartphone or tablet to the device over USB, your camera’s memory card, or the Canon Print app, giving you plenty of connectivity options. Of not being able to open the device when paper gets jammed.The Canon SELPHY C1300 makes printing gorgeous, clear, and bright photos easy, no matter where you are. “side opening” structure which significantly increases the chance Mechanical issue, Photobee invested extra time and cost toĪdapt“open-frame”structure to be able to self-remove theĬartridge when paper gets jammed. To prevent the jamming problem that we all have with our homeĬomputer printers from low battery power, cartridge, or Photobee app for iOSĪnd Android devices is available w/ various editing featured suchĪs inserting texts, frames, stickers, and resizing, filtering, Print wirelessly from anywhere within range. Photobee pictures can be used multi-purpose suchĪs ID picture, picture collage, and customized business card.Īllows user to connect the device to the printer over Wi-Fi and It measures 96(W) xġ47(L) x 25(H)(mm) and weighs only 363 grams which is a perfect X 3.50 in which is the biggest in the market. The sticker convertible picture is printed at the size of 2.82 in Phenomenon of picture image with a special protective coating.Ĭompared to POC***(01:50sec), Ins***(02:21sec), Pol***(01:00sec) Super high print speed is at 45 sec per pic & No fading High-definition image of 310 DPI is the highest in the market.Ĭompared to POC***(190DPI), Ins***(254DPI), Pri***(290DPI) Print your photos quick and easy on Photobee mobile photo printer Imported from USA (Sizes & Specifications are based on the USA Market).High-definition image of 310 DPI is the highest in the market.-Pola***(190DPI), Pic***(290DPI).Prints directly from your mobile phone or tablet / Synchronization support for Android and Apple IOS device.Fixed and upgraded all printers with connectivity issues that customers were facing for Apple devices due to recent iOS updates.P.when("ReplacementPartsBulletLoader").execute(function(module)). ![]() Broken ranks genres9/20/2023 ![]() When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus, a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. For example, the gray wolf's scientific name is Canis lupus, with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being the specific name particular to the wolf. The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes, which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists), plants (also including algae and fungi) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea), is Latin and binomial in form this contrasts with common or vernacular names, which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage.Įxcept for viruses, the standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. Main articles: Binomial nomenclature, Taxonomy (biology), Author citation (zoology), and Author citation (botany) It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature, the system of naming organisms, where it is combined with the scientific name of a species: see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology). The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. ![]() The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum, but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". ![]() The term "genus" comes from the Greek γένος, a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear to give birth to'). Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. ecology, morphology, or biogeography DNA sequences are a consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow (e.g. distinctness – with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria, i.e.reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly.phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage). monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e.There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. ![]() The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two species within the genus Panthera. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.Į.g. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. Genus ( / ˈ dʒ iː n ə s/ plural genera / ˈ dʒ ɛ n ər ə/) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown. ![]() The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. ![]() Doomsday prepping list9/19/2023 ![]() On the other hand, MREs - while also very long-lasting - are only designed to survive about five years. ![]() The reason for this is that they've had more than 98% of the liquid removed from the food during the free-drying process and this means there is little chance for survival. When properly manufactured, they can last more than 20 years in the original sealed packaging. Freeze-Dried Foods and MREs Are Good To Have Tooįreeze-dried foods are among the longest-lasting options that you can include in your survival pantry. One thing to know though, is that white rice will generally last longer than brown rice, so this is something to consider when putting together your prepper food list. Dry Items Like Rice And Beans Are Long Lasting Staplesĭried items such as rice and beans are also important as a long-lasting food staple since they can last up to a year on the shelf, sometimes a nearly infinite length of time if kept cool and dry in air-tight containers. While it is true that most of these foods will be shelf stable for many years, it is essential that you check them periodically for damage, leaks, swelling, or any other indication that there might be something wrong with them. tomatoes (diced, crushed, sauce, etc.)ġ0. pasta (ravioli, spaghetti, macaroni and cheese, etc.)ĩ. beans (black beans, pinto beans, garbanzo beans, etc.)ħ. soups (chicken noodle, tomato, vegetable, etc.)ĥ. fruit (peaches, pears, pineapple, etc.)ģ. vegetables (corn, green beans, mixed vegetables, carrots, potatoes, etc.)Ģ. Most of these items will not have an expiration date and they are also easy to stack so they take up as little room as possible in your shelter - or even in a corner of your pantry.ġ. ![]() ![]() Canned Foods Are A Great Long Shelf Life OptionĬanned foods are among the best options when it comes to preparing for an emergency situation. This type of nutrition is lightweight and easy to store but still provides plenty of sustenance in case you find yourself without access to traditional cooking sources. In addition to stocking up on non-perishable foods like canned goods, grains, nuts, seeds, oils, beans, and other shelf-stable ingredients it's also wise to invest in some freeze-dried meals as well as energy bars that have been specifically designed for emergencies. Knowing what items you’ll need and how much of each item can help make sure you stay fed no matter what happens. A well-stocked pantry with enough food to last at least several days – if not weeks – should be one of your top priorities when preparing for a potential crisis. One of the most important parts of prepping for any kind of disaster or emergency is gathering food. and are far more common.Įvents like snowstorms, floods, tornados, and wildfires need an emergency survival plan too. While many people think of major events like the national shut-down due to the pandemic, war, or civil unrest - smaller events can be just as disruptive to your daily life. Although there are many variables that can come into play during a survival situation, having the right supplies and knowledge in place beforehand will go a long way towards ensuring your safety and security.ĭespite the challenging past few years that we've all lived through, two thirds of American's say they aren't fully prepared for an emergency and even more lack a plan for how they will deal with a disaster when it comes. ![]() When it comes to surviving an emergency, planning ahead is essential. Planning Is An Important First Step For Survival Now let's take a look at the full doomsday prepper food list for survival emergencies. So while stocking up on essentials is key, adding some treats to your prepper stash will go a long way toward making sure everyone stays happy in tough times. Additionally, these items generally need little preparation before eating and they can be stored at room temperature, so they’re easy to incorporate into meals if necessary.įinally, don't forget about comfort foods like peanut butter and chocolate bars! Even during times of crisis having access to something comforting can provide much needed solace. Canned goods, grains, legumes and other nonperishables like nuts and seeds all make great choices when stocking up for an emergency. The first step is understanding which foods are best suited for long-term storage. But what exactly should be included in your doomsday prepper food list? Let's take a look! Everyone should have a well-stocked pantry with essential items that can help get them through any situation they may face. Are you ready for the worst? With natural disasters, civil unrest, pandemics, and more looming on the horizon, it's important to consider how you'd prepare in case of an emergency. ![]() Logicworks 5 symbol9/19/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() As circuit designs become more complex, software tools are taking on increasing importance in the system design process. It does not store any personal data.LogicWorks is the schematic drawing and interactive digital simulation package that has set the standard for demonstrating logic design principles and practices while producing professional results. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The memory consists of 128×8-bit (128×8 = 1024 bits) devices and for 1Kb we would need 8 individual memory chips but in order to select the correct memory chip we would also require a 3-to-8 line binary decoder as shown below. The advantage of address decoding is that when we specify a particular memory address, the corresponding memory location exists ONLY in one of the chips.įor example, Lets assume we have a very simple microprocessor system with only 1Kb (one thousand bytes) of RAM memory and 10 memory address lines available. So by selecting or de-selecting each chip one at a time, allows us to select the correct memory address device for a particular address location. Generally a logic “1” on the chip select ( CS) input selects the memory device while a logic “0” on the input de-selects it. Each memory chip has an input called Chip Select or CS which is used by the MPU (micro-processor unit) to select the appropriate memory chip when required. In this type of application, the address represents the coded data input, and the outputs are the particular memory element select signals. In order to prevent the data being “read” from each memory chip at the same time, each memory chip is selected individually one at time and this process is known as Address Decoding. One method of overcoming this problem is to connect lots of individual memory chips together and to read the data on a common “Data Bus”. In modern microprocessor systems the amount of memory required can be quite high and is generally more than one single memory chip alone. Memory Address Decoderīinary Decoders are most often used in more complex digital systems to access a particular memory location based on an “address” produced by a computing device. The additional input pin represents the enable function. Generally to implement this enabling function the 2-input AND or NAND gates are replaced with 3-input AND or NAND gates. ![]() So for example, when the enable input is at logic level “0”, (EN = 0) all outputs are “OFF” at logic “0” (for AND gates) regardless of the state of the inputs A and B. Then for the NAND decoder, only one output can be LOW and equal to logic “0” at any given time, with all the other outputs being HIGH at logic “1”.ĭecoders are also available with an additional “Enable” input pin which allows the decoded output to be turned “ON” or “OFF” by applying a logic “1” or logic “0” respectively to it. As a NAND gate produces the AND operation with an inverted output, the NAND decoder looks like this with its inverted truth table. The use of NAND gates as the decoding element, results in an active-“LOW” output while the rest will be “HIGH”. It is convenient to use an AND gate as the basic decoding element for the output because it produces a “HIGH” or logic “1” output only when all of its inputs are logic “1”.īut some binary decoders are constructed using NAND gates instead of AND gates for their decoded output, since NAND gates are cheaper to produce than AND’s as they require fewer transistors to implement within their design. This type of active-“HIGH” decoder can be implemented using just Inverters, ( NOT Gates ) and AND gates. However, there is a limit to the number of inputs that can be used for one particular decoder, because as n increases, the number of AND gates required to produce an output also becomes larger resulting in the fan-out of the gates used to drive them becoming large. Inputs A, B, C are used to select which output on either decoder will be at logic “1” (HIGH) and input D is used with the enable input to select which encoder either the first or second will output the “1”. ![]() AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |